Types of Law Specialties for Law School Students

Many students apply to law school believing that their big career decisions are over—theyve made it to the one path toward becoming a lawyer! However, the process has only just begun for these hopeful students before they set off to pursue a career in specialized or general law practice. From intellectual  property law to environmental and health care law, the type of law a student chooses to study will drastically impact career opportunities in the field. After all, you wouldnt want your divorce lawyer working on your health care contract, right?   If you are personally seeking a career in law, it is best to ask yourself what type of cases would you most want to argue, where would your expertise shine. If for instance, you happen to have a working knowledge of businesses and innovations, perhaps intellectual property or patent law would suit you well in your studies. However, if you care more about environmental or health concerns, perhaps a career in environmental  or health care law would be more suited. Read on below to find out more about each field of study.   Concerning Property and Inventions Intellectual property law  deals with acquiring and enforcing patents, trademarks, and copyrights—essentially covering the legal protection of a companys right to their own assets, especially those of their own creation. It is primarily broken into six categories: patent law, trademark law, copyright  law, trade secret law, licensing, and unfair competition. Each of the former three aims to protect the creative assets of the company in question with the latter protecting against sharing those assets on a global market.   A patent  grants an inventor exclusive rights (for a period of time) to a human-made invention or an improvement on an existing  invention—if the United States Patent and Trademark Office deems it worthy. Patent lawyers work on both sides of this process for  investors, the government, and other parties involved in the trade. Similarly, trademark law grants exclusive rights for an idea or motto, and copyright protects general publications from being plagiarized for financial gain.   In trade secret law, lawyers help their clients protect valuable secrets to their assets creation. For instance, Dr. Pepper keeps its full list of exact ingredients classified so that competitors like Coca-Cola wont be able to precisely imitate their design. Unlike the aforementioned fields of intellectual property law, however, trade secrets cannot be registered with a government organization. Similarly, licensing and unfair competition law protect against the utilization of another companys assets for personal gain.   Concerning Business and Commerce If youre more concerned with the commerce and legality side of business management, though, a business law degree may be more suited for your tastes. Business law deals with any aspect of the law having to do with industry and commerce—from employee contracts to title and deeds to tax law compliance. Those seeking a degree in business law would likely find joy in helping create and manage the legal backing and protection of businesses, including management of all legal assets.   Similarly, admiralty (or maritime) law deals with international navigation and shipping by sea. It includes cases of shipping, insurance, piracy (and more) over international waters, ensuring that both domestic and foreign businesses enter into contracts that are mutually beneficial and do not unfairly favor one over the other.   Concerning Freedoms and Crimes Many lawyers hope to defend the rights of people over businesses. If this is the case for you, perhaps a career in constitutional law is right for you. This legal specialization is concerned with interpreting and applying the U.S. Constitution to protect individuals and preserve relationships between state and federal governments. Essentially, it covers every element of the Constitution, including each of the Amendments (though those are often broken down individually as micro-specialties).   For instance, First Amendment law focuses on protecting citizens right to free speech, religion, press, and assembly.  First Amendment cases cover a wide range of topics including book burning and prayer in schools  as well as protection of transgender people and people of color.   On the other side of this coin,  criminal law revolves around the government prosecution of anyone who is purported to have committed a criminal act, as defined by public law. Criminal lawyers will often work on behalf of the criminal in question seeking to understand and pardon the accused due to legal innocence. Those studying criminal law will verse themselves in the vast legal structure of the country. Often presented with cases of wrongly accused defendants, the lawyers responsibility is to prove, by the law of the land, the person is innocent.   Concerning Health and the Environment Protecting people from governmental and corporate interests over individual liberties isnt the only field of law that directly goes to help mankind, health care law is also concerned with medicine and health-related issues including the right to healthcare for U.S. citizens. Lawyers in this field primarily focus on  medical malpractice, licensure, bioethical policies, and the effects of state and federal health care policies on its residents.   If instead of defending humans specifically you find yourself caring for the longevity of nature and its protection against harmful business and developmental policy, perhaps a career in environmental law is best suited for you.  Environmental law is concerned with laws protecting the environment and the requirement of agencies and businesses to take into account the effect of their practices on the ecosystems immediately impacted by their business growth.

President Ronald Reagan And President Reagan - 1351 Words

Being president is a huge responsibility, and there are some who have done an excellent job. Then there are others who have made our economy, as well as our country, go down the drain. However, I have to hand it to President Ronald Wilson Reagan, because the time he was in office he really pumped the country up, and did a tremendous job running it as well as helping in every way he could. Ronald Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois. Reagan passed away June 5, 2004, and was buried in Simi Valley, California. He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 with a â€Å"Bachelor s of Arts degree in social science and economics.†Before Mr. Reagan was president he was also an actor, and performed in 53 different movies. He was of the Christian religion. President Ronald Reagan was the 40th president, and part of the Republican party. The First Lady was Nancy Reagan, and the Vice President was George H.W. Bush while Ronald Reagan was in office. They were successful wit h two terms together from 1981 until 1989. Obviously Reagan liked politics, and definitely caught his attention since that is what he graduated from college with. But, his political views really shifted from liberal to republican in the 1960’s while supporting Nixon in Nixon’s campaign in California against Pat Brown. Reagan did quite a few General Electric speeches for Nixon as well in his campaign. The result from these speeches was merely freedom is what the people got from these speeches.Show MoreRelatedRonald Reagan And President Reagan Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pagesrealize greatness, it is Ronald Reagan. And if there is a context in which to view the Presidency of Ronald Wilson Reagan, it is in the context of economics. In two scholarly biographies of our 40th president, The Reagan Effect by John W. Sloan, professor of political science at The University of Houston, and The Reagan Years written by several scholars and edited by Joseph Hogan, professor and hea d of the Department of Management at Birmingham Polytechnic Business School, Reagan and his presidency areRead MorePresident Reagan Vs. Ronald Reagan2001 Words   |  9 PagesQuestion 2 Our current United State s president has a unique, magical, presidential gift of communication paired with strong president achievements. This special gift is something we saw 28 years ago in another president that America admired just as much and that was President Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama in certain occasions has been compared to Ronald Reagan, by having very similar leadership styles. However, since I was not born yet during Ronald Reagan s time in office, I am solely basing myRead MoreThe Assassination Of President Ronald Reagan1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe attempted assassination of former President Ronald Reagan was a horrifying day for many people that were attending his speech; sadly James Brady was at the wrong place on the wrong day. Reagan was not severely injured but Brady certainly was, Brady ended up in critical condition! After recovering from the gunshot, Brady became a serious advocate for an anti-weapon organization, which is why there is currently an organization named after him. The lack of gun control is the main leading effectsRead MoreEssay on The Legacy of President Ronald Reagan1141 Words   |  5 Pages During the 1980s, the legacy of Ronald Reagan was reflected upon the Iran-Contra affair, the fall of communism, and the impact of illegal drugs. The Iran-Contra affair jeopardized the very legacy of the president. Reagan was appraised for and credited for the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the global threat of communism. Another form of threat to the legacy of Reagan and his administration was the threat of illegal drugs in the United States. Thus proving how much the 1980s was an era ofRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan s Speech945 Words   |  4 Pages40th President, Ronald Reagan, gave one of his most famous speeches, Remarks at the Br andenburg Gate. In this speech Reagan s aimed to expand democracy through Easter Berlin. Throughout the speech, Reagan used rhetorical devices that made his speech affective. By balancing ethos, logos and pathos in his speech Reagan was able to persuade the Soviet Union leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, and his partisans take a step forward in creating a world piece and reunite East Berlin with West Berlin. Reagan alsoRead MoreBiography of President Ronald Wilson Reagan948 Words   |  4 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 to Jack and Nelle Reagan. Jack enjoyed to talk politics, was an alcoholic, and often got drunk and lost his job, while Nelle was a very modest woman and helped the poor. Reagan was reading by age five from his mom teaching him and was baptized into the Disciple of Christ at age 11. In his free time he played football, ran track, and performed in plays, which he continued to do in his college, Eureka CollegeRead MoreA Nation At Risk By President Ronald Reagan843 Words   |  4 PagesSince prior to the 1980’s, the American education system has rapidly declined in all areas. The article, â€Å"A Nation at Risk,† written by President Ronald Reagan, depicts the many issues in the U.S. school systems regarding the content, standard and expectations, time, teaching, and leadership and fiscal support. This piece, apparently, has led the country into an extreme educational reform to improve all aspects of our school system. Based on my experiences in high school, student test scores, andRead MoreIs Ronald Reagan Under or Overrated as a President? Essay675 Words   |  3 Pages Is Ronald Reagan overrated or underrated as a president? Born Ronald Wilson Reagan on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. He was an actor for 30 years before he became involved in politics. He starred in more than 50 movies. Along with acting, he was also a radio sportscaster. He served as the 33rd Governor of California. He was married to Jane Wyman from 1940 to 1949. He married Nancy Davis in 1952. President Ronald Reagan was our 40th president of the United States. He came intoRead MoreRonald Reagan s President Of The United States1129 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican people elected Ronald Reagan as President of the United States of America. Many people claim that Reagan was one of the greatest presidents of all time, while others believe that the country would have been much better off had Reagan never been elected. Regardless of their political preferences, it is undeniable that Ronald Reagan changed the world in the 1980s and his work as president will be forever remembered in the countless books of history. Ronald Reagan ran as a Republican andRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan s Foreign Policy1147 Words   |  5 PagesSome may say, President Ronald Reagan was defined by his foreign policy. Some may also consider that he made difficult decisions during his presidency in America. Unfortunately, he also made many mistakes as a president. Some think that his foreign policy i s one of the errors that he made. Even though he was an important factor in ending the Cold War, people on his foreign policy team ended up killing American soldiers. Historically, many considered that a person either liked Reagan or they were against

Negotiation Strategy Planning free essay sample

ISSUE SUBISSUE POINTS (distributing 100 points across allissues) YOUR INTEREST OTHERS’ INTEREST Worker autonomy and target production levels 1.Below avg production level 2.Easy daily production target 3.Loose management control 4.Production target of new facility cannot be fixed in advance 26 1. Increase plant utilization. 2. Increase sales and productivity 3. Keep employees motivated and efficient 4. Achieve more than break even on CAPEx for new facility 1.Motivates to work above targets. 2. Flexible working environment 3. Want to continue their autonomy Group Incentives 1.Incentives too generous 2. Prevailing only at Deloitte but not at other ABC plants 26 1.Avoid loafing 2.Eliminate/drastically reduce incentives Enjoy idle time Escalator clause 1.Unique to ABC 2. CPI adjusted wages 3. High cost to company 16 1.Eliminate it from agreement to reduce cost. 2. Welfare of employees through deferred payment 1. Provides compensation for increasing inflation. 2. Welfare of people of Deloitte Location of new plant 1.Outside because of lower capex 2. Corporate HQ still in Deloitte 3. ABC plant is bread and butter of people of Deloitte 20 1.Low capital expenditure 2.Threat to labor to take consent on other terms 3. Reputation at stake if plant relocated 4. Avoid public relation problem 1.Employment 2. Prosperity of town Wages and benefits 1. Fixed annual wage. 2. Infrequent layoff , 52 week notice period (too long) 3. Much better than industry avg (2x salary) 4. Bonus generously paid 5. layoff notice to 325 employees 12 1.It’s a seasonal industry. Fix wage and low layoff increase cost of operation. 2. Bring cost down to at least industry avg 3. Reduce hourly wage 1.Enjoy greater salary and wages 2. Job security What is your general position in the negotiation? As management, we can frame policies but given the long history of the harmony of management-labor relationship, the position is comparably equal for both parties. It’s the employees that run the plant and Deloitte plant is a major production facility. Why are the above issues important to you? The company is old and started as a family business when the competition was limited. With increasing competition (e.g IFP) and changing industry trends, it is important for ABC to follow industry practices and control cost. This in turn will increase profitability which is necessary for long term success and sustainability of ABC. Due to high cost, almost 200 companies have gone out of business and the only mantra available in industry to stay ahead is to lower cost and increase labor productivity. Deloitte plant accounts for 75% of company’s production and hence is a major game changer. Why do you think these issues may be important to them? The ABC plant is the major employer for residents of the town. Also it has been seen as the best place to work for because of the incentives and benefits it offers. The labor 190 has found the terms and conditions of work very supportive and trusted the management since old times. Change in their old working policies, wages and benefits might result in dissatisfaction for lot of employees. It requires them to shift from their status quo position they have been enjoying since long. What are your sources of power? The Deloitte plant enjoys benefits above industry avg with low productivity levels. There is an option to shift the new plant to other location with HQ office still in Deloitte thus agreeing to Adam Baxter Foundation charter. A shift in plant location will be a major hit to the labor and could be used as a ground for negotiation. What are your opponents sources of power? It’s a union and highly vocal and is influential member of CIO but with merger of unions, the power has diminished. Situational Assessment? The ratification is in the powers of top management and requires majority voting by Local 190 members. It is important thus to reach to an agreement  acceptable to both parties. Following are the MESOS and reservation package from management side: Issue PACKAGE 1 PACKAGE 2 PACKAGE 3 Reservation package Worker autonomy and target production levels  higher than current levels (80%) of productivity with management authority higher than current levels (80%) of productivity with management authority higher than current levels (80%) of productivity with management authority higher than current levels (80%) of productivity with management authority Group Incentives 10% of base pay 5% of base pay 10% of base pay 30% of base pay Escalator clause Eliminate Eliminate Deferred payment Eliminate Location of new plant Deloitte Deloitte Other location Deloitte Wages and benefits $9/hr $9.5/hr $10/hr (fixed) + additional $1/hr if company exceeds industry average production level $13/hr

Job Description Essay Example

Job Description Essay Job Description Name: Date: The Necessity of Job descriptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Description specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Job Description specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Job Description specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A job description is a broad or general written statement of a particular job. This description bases on the findings of a job analysis carried out for this job. A job description includes the job title, scope, purpose, responsibilities, working conditions, remuneration, and the designation of the person to whom the employee reports. It also includes evaluation criteria, physical location, and qualifications for the position. A job description helps an employee to get the right candidates for a job, provide a guideline for compensation and serves as a basis for outlining performance expectation, job evaluation, and career advancement. It helps an employee identify his/her scope of work and know to whom he/she reports. It also ensures legal compliance to labor laws. There are two types of job descriptions. These are specific and general job description. A specific job description gives elaborate information about a job. Details in a specific job description include skills and abilities of the employee, detailed scope of work, detailed job definition and employee responsibilities. It tells both the employee and employee how different the particular job is from other positions. For example if a company has several secretaries, a specific job description will outline the duties of each secretary. This will show the difference in their scope of work. A general job description gives basic information on a position. It informs on the type of job and outlines the responsibilities of the position. Lack of a job description can have some on both the employer and to the employees. To begin with, there would lack a sense of organization. Due to lack of a job description for each employee, no one will know his or her role in the organization. There would therefore be confusion and there would be no achievement. Secondly, there would occur poor results as wok will be done but not necessarily the by the qualified professional. Thirdly, there would lack a proper hierarchical structure in line with functions. The flow of information would suffer as a result. This will lead to poor or no reaction to existing work demands which will ultimately lead to poor quality of work or no work at all. There would also lack clarity on issues like remunerations and working conditions. This may lead to over or underpayment for less or more responsibility respectively. Reference: . Nkomo, S. M., Fottler, M. D., McAfee, R. B. (2011). Human resource management applications. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Prien, Erich P., Goodstein, Leonard D., Goodstein, Jeanette, Gamble, Louis G., Jr. (2009). A Practical Guide to Job Analysis: Epub Edition. John Wiley Sons Inc. Revising of a job description. Secretaries are an essential part of an organization. Traditionally in most organizations, a secretary is a person whose responsibility is to keep records, make appointments and assists with correspondence in their offices. This has limited the scope of work of secretaries to records and phone calls. Secretaries can be of more benefit to companies if their scope of work broadened. Limiting their scope of work between records and phone calls deprives them the opportunity to contribute ideas in technical areas other than the traditional administrative areas. They also report to bosses who are engineers or doctors, or sales people. While other professionals have heads with titles such as chief engineer, senior doctor, or even senior magistrate, secretaries do not have such heads. Some of the improvements that would be beneficial to this job include widening the scope of work of secretaries and creating a central management system for them. This would require the formation of an independent department for secretaries in as much as they work with various people. This department will give a channel through which secretaries’ issues get address. It will increase professionalism. Bosses will not shout down secretaries as it traditionally happens rather will have a formal channel of dealing with their grievances. A department for secretaries will also enable the organization to manage recruitment and training. It will reduce the costs involved in recruitment and training as this department will organize for a general recruitment for secretaries other than recruiting when one quits and train many at a go. Traditionally the job description of secretaries oscillates between records and the phone. This has lowered the qualifications for this position. Most secretaries get jobs based on having knowledge on computer operations and ability to communicate in a particular language. Increasing the general requirements for entry to professional secretarial papers will encourage the need to acquire this accreditation. This will in turn increase professionalism and ensure maximum delivery based on an increased scope of work derived from training. Having attained this qualification, secretaries will attain a wage corresponding to this profession. They will also not suffer the burdened of workload, as the scope of their job would be determined. In addition to these, their scope of work widens from the traditional roles to new roles including bookkeeping, managing budgets, maintaining company websites and making travel arrangements. References Storey, J. (2007). Human resource management: A critical text. London: Thomson. Shaw, D. G. (1995). Performance measurement, management, and appraisal sourcebook. Amherst, Mass: Human Resource Development Press. Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human resource management. Mason Impacts of job description revision on decision-making About recruitment, the human resources department is able to have a clear definition of what the organization needs. This enables them to hire the most qualified candidate who will ensure high returns. The human resource department will also find it less costly to train such individuals, as they will have quite some knowledge on the job. Job evaluation enables the company to link job requirements and pay for the job. This ensures that the company spends an amount that is equal to the responsibility hence the output. It also enables the employers to determine the jobs that need lees or more workers that are skilled and thus enabling it to hire the corresponding amount of labor to work available. Through this process, as well the company is able to plan its labor force. In case of salary and wage grievances, job description evaluation can be a handy tool for settling this type of grievances. It also eliminates salary inequalities by categorizing jobs with almost similar responsibilities under the same salary range. It thus serves to equate the wage structure. With job description evaluation, the relative and actual worthy of jobs is determined. In this, jobs are classified using criteria like education, levels of experience, amount of responsibility, hazards involved and priced accordingly. This serves to eliminate unfair payment on the part of employees and reduce salary and wage disputes. Sample job description for a lecturer JOB TITLE: Lecturer of Business management FACULTY: Arts and Social Sciences SCHOOL: School of Business Studies DEPARTMENT: Business Management SOURCES: Faculty of Salary Analysis JOB ANALYST: Salaries and Remuneration committee of Irving University Job Description Lecturer of Business management works under the supervision of the head of Department of Business management and the Dean of Faculty school of Business Studies: He is responsible for teaching, assessment, monitoring, evaluation, and research within the school. Purpose: To contribute to teaching activities in the field of Business Management and engage actively in research and income generating activities with a focus on business management. Job Duties and responsibilities Be responsible for organization, preparation, and delivery of teaching, learning in both Higher Education and Further Education. Prepare, implement, monitor, and evaluate test material for assessing student progress. Plan assessment dates, organize assessment material, issue assessment, subsequently view, and review student performance. To contribute to wider student experience through involving them in employability ventures and personal tutoring. To monitor on own teaching practice, reviewing content from time to time, and continually update on delivery content Plan departmental courses together with other faculty Lecturers. Organize field trips fro students as a mean of external learning. Publish in professional and academic journals. To participate actively in research through working on both internally and externally funded projects, contributing to group researches and assisting in bid writing for seeking external funding. To demonstrate good teaching practices using current i nformation, current methods of assessment and appropriate pedagogy. To develop both national and international partnerships both learned friends and professional associations To undertake professional development in relevant area of teaching and research. To work harmoniously with fellow professionals of the faculty and the university at large. Give feed back to educational boards concerning arising students’ needs. Requirements: Proven organization skills including time and material management. Proven three-year lecturing and research experience in the same field. Proven proposal-writing skills with at least four funded projects. A minimum of a master’s degree from an accredited institution. Analytical and interpreting skills leadership and motivational ability Good oral and written communication skills References Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human resource management. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-western. , OH: Thomson/South-western. Compton, R. L., Morrissey, W. J., Nankervis, A. R. (2009). Effective recruitment selection practices. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia. Mader-Clark, M. (2013). The job description handbook. Berkeley, CA: Nolo Conclusion Job description is an important practice to both employers and employees. To employers matters that affect the performance of their business reflects from their recruitment that depends immensely on the effective job analysis. Without these, an employer is set to suffer the fate of less and poor production, high expenditure on maintenances, compensation of customers and correctional processes. The Employee as well needs to know their job description in order to avoid exploitation by employers. Knowing ones job description and scope of work increases efficiency, reduces confusion, enhances work related communication, and subsequently fosters a vibrant working environment. It is mandatory for employers to develop elaborate job description for their positions that appraisals can reflect true productivity of workers. Equally, it is mandatory for employees to meet changing job description by furthering their knowledge in the fields of interest and practicing flexibility.

Mental Illness and Effective Treatments

Mental Illness and Effective Treatments What is Mental Illness Mental illness is a medical condition characterized by the disruption of an individual’s emotional, cognitive or behavioural functioning (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2011). The key influences to development of the condition are discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness and Effective Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes of Mental Illness Generally, the causes of several mental illnesses have not been established and remain unknown. â€Å"However, research into the issue has established that in many cases, the condition develops as a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and biochemical/hormonal factors† (Mayo Clinic, 2009). Biologically, it is believed that individuals coming from families whose members have a history of mental illness are most susceptible to develop the condition. This is because they may share a genetic vulnerability in developing the illness at some point in life. Being at that risk, the illness can be triggered by other factors depending on the individual’s way of life. Also, exposure to viruses or toxins while in the womb may lead to traumatic brain damage that can trigger the illness (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Psychological issues that may lead to development of the illness can not be ruled out. For instance, unbearable experiences in life such as losing a loved one, poverty, and depression can trigger development of the illness (Mayo Clinic, 2010). According to Chakraburtty (2009) upbringing is a factor that can cause the condition; for example, it may lead to poor self esteem or the inability to relate to others in the society. In addition to that, unbearable psychological trauma at early stages in life, such as sexual or emotional abuse can result in mental illness (Chakraburtty, 2009). Biochemical causes (brain chemistry) are the changes that take place within the brain a s a result of naturally occurring brain chemicals, and may lead to development of the condition. Generally, these changes and hormonal imbalances are associated with a person’s mood and other mental health issues. â€Å"It is thought that inherited traits, life experiences and biological factors can all affect brain chemistry linked to mental illnesses† (Mayo Clinic, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Treatments for Mental Illness Treatment of mental illnesses depends on the type of illness, its level of development, and the way of life of the patient. In cases of extreme mental severity, for example schizophrenia, a team approach is appropriate. This ensures that all psychiatric, medical and social needs of the patient are met (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Various approaches are used for treatment of mental illness as described below. Treatment Teams Treatm ent Options â€Å"The people who may be involved in the patient’s treatment include; a family doctor, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, pharmacist, social workers, and important family members† (Mayo Clinic, 2010). However, if the condition of illness is mild, a family doctor, a psychiatrist, or a psychotherapist can handle the situation. Depending on the type, severity and doctor’s opinion, there are several treatments that can be prescribed for mental illness. Mostly, a combination of the medications brings the best results. Medications Medications which can be prescribed include; antidepressants, mood-stabilizers, anti-anxiety, and antipsychotic medications (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Unfortunately, psychiatric medications do not cure the illness, but may help to increase the effectiveness of other treatments like psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Generally, psychotherapy involves the process of treating mental illness by sharing about the condition with a mental health professional (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Psychotherapy helps the patient to understand his moods, condition, and behaviour, thus, imparting stress-management knowledge (American Psychiatric Association, 2011). This treatment is usually completed after few months; however, it is advisable to extend the treatment for some time in order to get the best results. â€Å"Examples of psychotherapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)† (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Other Treatments Other treatments that can be administered include: Brain-stimulation treatments; hospitalization and residential treatment programs; substance abuse treatment; and participation in own care (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, mental illness is a common occurrence which can be controlled through administering various medications as described earlier.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Mental Illness and Effective Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List American Psychiatric Association. (2011). Mental Illness. Web. Chakraburtty, A. (2009, February 9). Causes of Mental Illness. Retrieved from the WebMD: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1 Mayo Clinic. (2010, November 5). Mental Illness. Retrieved from the Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968 Mayo Clinic. (2010, September 1). Mental Illness. Retrieved from the Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968 National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2011). Mental Illness. Web.

Black History Month - African American Inventors, L

Black History Month - African American Inventors, L Black history inventors are listed alphabetically. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent.   Lewis Howard Latimer #147,363, 2/10/1874, Water closets for railway cars (co-inventor Charles W.Brown)#247,097, 9/13/1881, Electric lamp, (co-inventor Joseph V. Nichols)​#252,386, 1/17/1882, Process of manufacturing carbons#255,212, 3/21/1882, Globe supporter for electric lamps (co-inventor John Tregoning)#334,078, 1/12/1886, Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting#557,076, 3/24/1896, Locking rack for hats, coats, and umbrellas#781,890, 2/7/1905, Book supporter#968,787, 8/30/1910, Lamp fixture William A Lavalette #208,184, 9/17/1878, Improvement in printing presses#208,208, 9/17/1878, Variation of printing press Arthur Lee #2,065,337, 12/22/1936, Self propelled toy fish Henry Lee #61,941, 2/12/1867, Improvements in animal traps Joseph Lee #524,042, 8/7/1894, Kneading machine#540,553, 6/4/1895, Bread crumbing machine Lester A Lee #4,011,116, 3/8/1977, Carbon dioxide laser fuels Maurice William Lee #2,906,191, 9/29/1959, Aromatic pressure cooker and smoker Robert Lee #2,132,304, 10/4/1938, Safety attachment for automotive vehicles Herbert Leonard #3,119,657, 1/28/1964, Production of hydroxylamine hydrochloride#3,586,740, 6/22/1971, High impact polystyrene Frank W Leslie #590,325 9/21/1897 Envelope seal Francis Edward LeVert #4,091,288, 5/23/1978, Threshold self-powered gamma detector for use as a monitor of power in a nuclear reactor#4,722,610, 2/2/1988, Monitor for deposition on heat transfer surfaces#4,805,454, 2/21/1989, Continuous fluid level detector#4,765,943, Thermal neutron detectors and system using the same#4,316,180, Directional detector of changes in a local electrostatic field#4,280,684, Manual automobile pusher#4,277,727, Digital room light controller#4,259,575, Directional gamma detector#4,218,043, Manual automobile pusher#4,136,282, Directional detector of gamma rays#5,711,324, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,541,464, Thermionic generator#5,443,108, Upwardly deployed privacy blind#5,299,367, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,256,878, Self powered detector based monitor for radiographic cameras#6,886,274, Spring cushioned shoe#6,865,824, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,665,957, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,583,617, Barkhausen noise measurement probe with magneto resistive sensor and cylindrical magnetic shield #6,442,779, Portable feet elevator#6,353,656, Radioisotope based x-ray residual stress analysis apparatus#6,282,814, Spring cushioned shoe#6,240,967, Sleeve assembly for protecting conducting wires against damage by cutting implements#7,159,338, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe K Latimer to LeVert, Lewis to Lu Valle M Anthony L Lewis #483,359, 9/27/1892, Window cleaner Edward R Lewis #362,096, 5/3/1887, Spring gun James Earl Lewis #3,388,399, 6/11/1968, Antenna feed for two coordinate tracking radars Henry Linden #459,365, 9/8/1891, Piano truck Ellis Little #254,666, 3/7/1882, Bridle-bit Emanuel L Logan Jr #3,592,497, 7/13/1971, Door bar latch Amos E Long #610,715, 9/13/1898, Cap for bottle and jars (co-inventor Albert A Jones) Frederick J Loudin #510,432, 12/12/1893, Fastener for the meeting rails of sashes#512,308, 1/9/1894, Key fastener John Lee Love #542,419, 7/9/1895, Plasterers hawk#594,114, 11/23/1897, Pencil sharpener Henry R Lovell #D 87,753, 9/13/1932, Design for a doorcheck William E Lovett #3,054,666, 9/18/1962, Motor fuel composition James E Lu Valle #3,219,445, 11/23/1965, Photographic processes#3,219,448, 11/23/1965, Photographic medium and methods of preparing same#3,219,451, 11/23/1965, Sensitizing photographic media Continue black history database M

Cause-Effect essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause-Effect - Essay Example For couples in the countryside, a little leeway is given. They are allowed two children. Any succeeding child though is equivalent to heavy fines. This restriction has resulted into mass abortions, abusive behavior from officials and a lot of male children. In China, it is customary for the sons to take care of their parents in their old age. Between having a son or a daughter, the obvious choice then is to have a male child. The girls are married off, implying a transfer of responsibilities to the girls’ in-laws. Daniela Deane writes â€Å"in the absence of a social security system, having a son is the difference between starving and eating when one is old†. (80) Because of China’s one-child policy, this has brought in a generation of male children who are obese, lazy and rude. As Deane continues, there exists a 4-2-1syndrome – four grandparents and two parents who zealously ensure that their son has a comfortable life. (78) They feed him anything he wants. They lavish him with attention. They spend hard-earned money on extra-curricular lessons for him. They act like he’s the most precious thing in the world and he is. He is their ticket to a secure life as senior citizens. One example in Deaneâ€⠄¢s essay would be the woman who wanted an operation to revert a previous ligation she had just to have another child as her only son had perished in a car accident. (83) This obsession with male children has other effects than only spoiled male offsprings. For those who are capable of paying fines for another child, their daughters are often neglected. For some who are not so fortunate, daughters are abandoned, neglected or worse, killed. Some moms give birth in seclusion. Baby girls are left in hospitals or in empty lots and open fields, sometimes even on sidewalks. Those who belong to families are not given as much love or attention as the male children. As Deane reported in her essay, the number of missing

Stress Management and Its Effect on Efficient Work Performance Dissertation

Stress Management and Its Effect on Efficient Work Performance - Dissertation Example One of these is the distractions they get away from their work due to stress. In a recent study, Michelson (2004) noted that the commonest cases and instances of stress arise when the roles of employees demand that they have a lot of interaction with people as a means of serving the interest of these people. Employees whose work also put a lot of mental strain on them, as well as those who are engaged in the use of heavy and multiplex machinery have also been identified to be victims of some of the worse cases of stress (McIntosh, 2011). Sadly, even though it is generally appreciated that stress is a major hindrance to successful organisational running, not much has been done by way of managing stress among workers. Coldwater, Mohl, Denny and Mote (2012) blame this situation on the wrong identification and classification of the nature of stressors that employees are commonly faced with. In another instance, Michelson (2004) pointed to the fact that the best form of stress management can only come when there is the right identification of stress that employees are faced with. Purpose of the Study It will be noted that the Administrative Stress Index ASI ascribes five major areas of stressors namely administrative constraints, administrative responsibilities, interpersonal relations, intrapersonal conflicts, and role expectations. As part of the problem of wrong identification and management of stressors faced by employees within the labour force, this research is being conducted with the purpose of using the Administrative Stress Index (ASI) to identify the commonest forms of stressors that employees within three major labour forces namely the education, health and security sectors face in the delivery of their duties. Having used the ASI to identify the types of stress, a questionnaire that seeks to classify the stress management mechanisms used by workers will then be used. This purpose of the study can be noticed to be multi-variant in the sense that it will make it possible to collect sufficient data on all possible stressors that come with the delivery of administrative roles within the education, health and security sectors. The purpose of the study also encompasses stress management of specific stressor. This study is therefore being conducted as an opener to the issue of corporate management of stress by first focusing on the identification of stressors. Aim and Objectives The purpose of the study will be achieved with the aim of identifying different forms of stressors and how they are managed within the educational, health and security sectors. This can however be seen as a very broad and generalised goal, that cannot be achieved by performing only a single task or duty. The aim of the study has therefore been broken down into specific objectives, which signify the very specific tasks that will be undertaken to bring about the achievement of the research aim. The specific objectives of the study are thus given below. To achieve t he research aim therefore, the researcher has a responsibility of achieving all the specific objectives. 1. To identify various forms of stressors with different categories of jobs in the educational, health and security sectors. 2. To ascertain the different forms of stress management mechanisms that work best with each category of stressors identified. 3. To examine the impact and effectiveness of stress manage

HRIS Vendor Analysis Essay Example for Free

HRIS Vendor Analysis Essay Competition is the hallmark of the modern market place and facilitating availability of information has become the tool with which to develop a competitive edge. As a result, the area of human resource information system has been enjoying enormous demand in the US. The popular drive to adopt human resource information systems comes from the need to develop a position of cost leadership. Because the human resource information systems facilitate the availability the information, it reduces costs of operations at the companies adopting the methods. However as the products and services of the five companies profiled here show, these systems, in addition to making the necessary information available, also automate some of the repetitive HR functions. As the profiles also demonstrate, the human resource information system is not just a question of automation, it is also a question of partnering with HR consultants to outsource tasks to more capable hands. For example, client organizations can outsource their payroll processing tasks to Paychex so that these organizations can free up resources to devote to strategic management. The question as to why human resource functions were among the first among business functions to be automated is easily answered. Relative to other business functions, the human resource functions have a more structured framework. For example, the function of payroll processing does not vary from time period to time period. Thus it is a waste of human talent to have human capital spending time in this area. In fact, due to the repetitive nature of the tasks of this sort, human error is all too likely. That is the reason companies like Trinet are offering total human resource solutions built on a platform of integrated technologies so that the part of human resource that is repetitive can be left to the digital prowess of computers. This frees up employee creativity and develops more human capital, giving the companies a competitive edge. However human resource management is not all repetitive. The task of strategic human resource management is the motivation of employees and that cannot be automated. However CheckPoint has a solution in this area in the form of self-service applications for employees and managers. Using these applications, the employees and the managers can answer their own questions. Thus this is a very good empowering tool. Using these applications, the employees and the managers can also evaluate different company benefits on their own and enroll as they see fit. Administaff offers a different business model according to which the company partners with client organizations to share HR functions. This is of strategic importance to the client organizations because by outsourcing HR functions, these organizations can focus on their core competencies and thus further hone their strategic focus. When it comes to adopting a human resource information system, the management of the organization contemplating this move has a major investment in its hands. Therefore it has to conduct an exhaustive cost benefit analysis which will indicate whether the benefits of adopting the system will outweigh the costs. Automation does not always pay off because the process of adoption is out of alignment with the strategic focus of the company. Therefore the management has to make sure that it is automating the human resource functions not just for the sake of automating, but for greater focus of resources on management of strategies for developing a competitive edge. Maintaining competitive edge means that the client organization will continue to change in terms of its work processes. At some point in its operations, the management might have to automate supply chain management as well. In that case, the human resource information system already existing must be integrated into the supply chain management system. Otherwise the company will end up with two different systems maintaining which will be prohibitive in terms of cost. Therefore if I were the management in the market for HRIS, I would want to know from the vendors whether the systems they are selling are flexible and scalable to accommodate different organizational structures. Profiles Name of Organization: Paychex, Inc. Website: http://www. paychex. com Key products and/or services provided: The company provides payroll processing services which allow client organizations to submit their payroll details via phone or web to local payroll specialists in the employ of Paychex. At the end of each period Paychex sends payroll packages containing all processed checks to the client organizations. The company also helps clients in the area of tax services and administration of employee benefits. Customer profile: the products and services described above are customized towards both small organizations with 49 or less employees and large organizations containing 50 or more employees. Indications of organization size: The company has offices all over the US and also in Germany. Currently it is serving approximately 561,000 businesses all over the US. Brief company history and background: It was founded in 1971. At the time there had been other payroll processors in the market. However none of them had been paying attention to smaller organizations with fewer than 100 employees. Yet these organizations constituted the majority of American businesses. Primary focus of operations: To offer outsourcing solutions for administrative tasks so that client organizations, both large and small, can free themselves of administrative hassles and focus on the bottom line. Recent financial performance: revenues in the year 2007 exceeded $1. 9 billion. Name of Organization: Administaff, Inc. Website: http://www. administaff. com/index. asp Key products and/or services provided: Administaff is a professional employer organization that in the form of strategic alliances with client organizations offers services in the areas of training and development, employer liability management, benefits and performance management, recruitment and selection, government compliance and employment administration. Administaff also has an e-business model which facilitates availability of information. Customer profile: the company provides these services mostly for white-collar and skilled blue-collar workers in industries where unemployment risks are low, such as technology, engineering, real estate, light manufacturing, banking, insurance etc. Indications of organization size: The company has 47 offices in 23 markets and is publicly traded on the NYSE. Brief company history and background: the company was established in the year 1986 in April. The current chairman and CEO is Paul J. Sarvadi. In 2003, Administaff was named in Fortune’s Most Admired American Companies for the fifth consecutive year. Primary focus of operations: Sharing of human resource management with client organization in the form of a co-employment relationship. Recent financial performance: 2006 revenues: $1. 4 billion. Name of Organization: TriNet. http://www.trinet.com/

Bush v Gore :: essays research papers

Bush v. Gore Bush v. Gore was a controversial case that was heard on December 11, 2000. This case decided the outcome of the 2000 presidential election between Vice President Gore and Texas Governor George W. Bush.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The election took place on Nov 7, 2000. Under our electoral college system each state votes for our new president separately, a winner is then declared in each state and is awarded â€Å"electoral votes† that is equal to the states number of representatives in the House and Senate. Gore led Bush 266-246 and 270 votes are required for victory. Florida with 25 electoral votes did not have an official winner because the result was inside of the margin of error for machine counting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gore knew the only way to figure this out was to have a manual recount of several counties ballots. As Palm Beach County was recounting its ballots Florida Secretary Harris, a Republican and co-chair of the Florida Bush campaign, officially certified the election for Bush. In reaction to this decision Gore and Palm Beach filed suit against Bush and Harris in Florida Supreme court demanding that the recount should go on. On November 22, Bush appealed to the United States Supreme Court against Palm Beach County Canvassing Board stating the decision was in violation of a federal statute requiring electors to be finished at a given point before the Electoral College met. After many more suits were filed oral arguments in Bush v. Gore were brought before the US Supreme Court on December 11, 2000 by lawyers representing both sides. Due to the nature of the case the court gave its opinion in only 16 hours after hearing the arguments. Bush’s representation questioned that, Does recounts in Florida violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution? Because all the votes were being counted unevenly, with standards varying from county to county, where recounts in counties where he could have majority were not being conducted. Bush Argued the decision went against the Constitution stating â€Å"nor shall any State†¦. Deny to any person within the equal protection of the laws.† Gore’s representation responded that the Florida Supreme court hade done everything it could to establish equal treatment of both parties, and that requiring all ballots to be treated in the same manner would require a new federal standard for counting votes. Gore also claimed that ending recounts was not a good way to settle this extraordinary dispute.

An Analysis of Early Years Philosophies

Introduction The importance of early years’ education has long been recognised within both academic and professional circles. By establishing strong theories and policies during the early years of education, this then has a knock-on effect on the other aspects of education and makes the overall educational system more effective, in terms of producing capable adults. This paper will look firstly at the contribution of leading theorists when it comes to the provision of key documents in order to guide those in the practical application of these theories in the context of early years’ education (Catron and Allen 2007). The paper will then go on to look at current policies and practices in early years’ education and how these either support or disprove the theoretical perspectives laid out. The final section then goes on to establish a personal philosophy of how the author here has pulled together existing theories and practices to develop their own approach to early years education. Key Theories of Early Education Unsurprisingly, those involved in the theories and philosophy which have emerged, over the years, in relation to early years’ education have gained considerable attention. In order to consider the theories each will be looked at in turn to look at their own contribution and in order to consider any advantages and disadvantages associated with these theories and concepts. This will be broken down within each theory to look at the key issues of: Children’s learning Relationships Learning Environment Meeting Children’s Needs MontessoriChildren’s Learning The educational approach developed by Montessori promotes the notion of freedom and independence in early years’ education, provided of course there are limits put in place with respect to the existing level of education and understanding of the children involved. Although multiple different approaches have been developed and are broadly considered to be based on the educational theories of Montessori, there are certain elements of this educational theory that would be essential, regardless of how it is applied in practice (Montessori, 1994). This includes the use of mixed age classrooms for children between the ages of three and six, with the students themselves having a choice of activities. Once they have been given a range of choices, the work time should be uninterrupted, as far as possible and a discovery model of behaviour being used to encourage the children to explore themselves, rather than being directly instructed on certain patterns of behaviour. In order to facilitate this approach, there needs to be freedom of movement within the classroom. Meeting Children’s Needs Montessori is largely considered to be an educational theory. In reality it is more of a theory of human development and nature, with two key basic principles. Firstly, when children and adults engage in any form of development, they take on board a self construction approach, as they interact with items and the environment around them. This recognises that the learning experience is directly linked to interaction with external factors and it is the stimuli is crucial to this educational theory and places a much heavier emphasis on facilitating, rather than direct teaching (Cadwell and Rinaldi 2003). Learning Environment With this in mind, those looking to apply this educational theory, in practice, will need to consider the environment almost as much of the content of the lesson itself. This is achieved by creating a harmonious and clean environment that is uncluttered and encourages free movement and activity, but also ensures that the availability of material is linked to the area of development being targeted. By restricting the material available, this has the effect of guiding the learning experience, but not to such an extent that the individual feels constrained. This educational theory also breaks down the age groups of those involved, with the recognition that children under the age of six are undergoing an incredibly dramatic development period and therefore developing self-construction during this period will potentially be the most important element of long-term development. Certain key expectations are included within this educational theory to guide expectations, without constraining e ither teacher or student. For example, the acquisition of language is something that is recognised as taking place, continuously, and therefore social behaviours will only truly become a fundamental element of the learning experience from approximately 2 years onwards, according to this educational theory.Waldorf Education (Steiner)Another formative educational philosophy is that referred to as Waldorf education or Steiner, which was established in Austria the early 20th century. As a result of this, several independent Waldorf schools were established, primarily in Germany, although also in neighbouring countries. This theory of education looks at the stages of development as being a crucial underpinning factor as to how education should take place. This theory broadly splits child development into three distinct stages, each of which lasts around seven years. The early years’ education which takes on-board the first seven years focuses primarily on providing hands-on activi ties and creative play opportunities, so that the primary focus is on child development through physical and practical activities, during this phase. Children’s learning For the purposes of this analysis, it is the first stage that is most important. However, so that it can be seen how these early years of education fit into the broader picture, it is worth noting that the second stage focuses more on social development and the third on academic understanding. Although the Waldorf theory can largely be seen as an educational theory that can be attached to independent schools across Central Europe, many of the theories and philosophies have permeated more traditional educational establishments. Relationships The education ideas put forward by Steiner largely follow the concept of common sense and go beyond simply what is taught to children. These theories also look at the environment and broader issues such as health and well-being. Taking this developmental approach is, in many ways, similar to that looked at above, with the Montessori theory; however, it is much more focused on ensuring practical experiences, where the children are not necessarily focusing on maintaining freedom as the primary and key theme (Roopnarine and Johnson. 2005). The emphasis during the early years period is on providing children with practical activities that will allow them to live life experiences either by following the examples of others, or by their own experimentation. Throughout this theory there is also a heavy emphasis placed on nature, where external influences may be seen to be relevant.High ScopeMore recently, developed in Michigan, USA, is the High Scope early childhood educational approach which looks at a variety of different educational establishment, including kindergarten, pre-school and even home-based childcare, in order to look at the ways in which early childhood development should be best established, so as to lay down the foundations for future learning. The development of this educational theory was primarily founded on the concept developed by the psychologist Lev Vygotsky, which takes a scaffolding-style approach, suggesting that adults should form a learning â€Å"scaffolding† around children, to take into account their current level of development and encourage them to build on it (French and Murphy 2005). Relationships Several central concepts have been developed alongside this educational theory and although participation from the student is important, as it is with the other two theories, there is, however, a structure associated with this educational theory which distinguishes it from the previous theories (High/Scope Educational Research Foundation 2001). Learning Environment For example, environment is seen as important, within this educational theory and the classroom is expected to comply with a high scope model would have several well-defined interest areas, e.g., there would be a toy area and an art area, clearly delineated and made available for the children. This supports the basic learning approach that is advocated by the other two theories in that students will gain from interaction with adults and their own construction of the world around them. However, this is done in a much more structured way, where the daily routine requires early years’ children to be following a predictable sequence of events throughout the day and there not being complete freedom, as advocated by Montessori. To a certain extent, this theory can be seen to be a muted version of the earlier theories. Furthermore, although a heavy emphasis is placed on a constructivist and interaction approach, a much more rigid structure is put in place to ensure that there is consistency and comfort offered to the students and that they understand exactly what is likely to happen, on any given day.Forest SchoolsFinally, there is the specialist theory associated with Forest Schools Education which involves outdoor education and suggests that the children are able to develop confidence and knowledge through having a large amount of outdoor activities and engaging at times within a forest environment. These types of schools are seen as a means of building independence within any age category and the theory of Forest Schools has become a pedagogy, in its own right. This recognition of the importance of the environment is itself something that can be utilised, either in its own right or alongside the previous theories of development of early years children, as advocated by the other theories, mentioned above. Government Legislation and Guidance Within the UK, the Department for Education provides guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). The aim of this guidance is to produce basic compulsory standards that all entities involved in the early years’ education provide. The statutory framework for the EYFS stage was established in 2012 and is the full document guiding those involved in the provision of years’ education is seen as merely a minimum standard that they are required to meet and any underlying aims and objectives that should be in mind when establishing their own methods and philosophies. This was given its statutory status by virtue of the Childcare Act 2006. There are underlying aims associated with the guide, including the desire to provide consistency and equality of opportunity for all young children, which will ultimately then provide a secure foundation upon which every child can develop in an appropriate manner and according to their abilities and desires and become well adjusted young adults, in the future. Basic safeguarding welfare requirements are also fundamental to this guidance and, although the focus here is on educational theories, it should be noted that early years’ education theories should, at all times, consider welfare issues and how these may interact within the educational environment (Helm, and Katz 2001). Overarching principles recognise that each child is unique and will be in a constant state of learning and development, and will therefore need to be adaptable and taking the lead from the child in question. Furthermore, the establishment of positive relationships, both with their peers and adult groups is crucial and educational environments should be enabling and positive, regardless of precisely how they are set up or managed. Depending on the nature of the early years provider there may be more specific requirements when it comes to learning and development. For example a childcare provider for wrap-round services, e.g. outside of school hours, would have a lesser requirement to support learning and development, as it would be presumed that the learning and development has been covered within the educational environment. In order to ensure sufficient flexibility, while also ensuring equality and consistency with policies produced in the area of learning and development down into three key subjects: communication and language; physical development; and personal, social, emotional development. All providers of early years’ education need to provide basic supporting literacy, mathematics, general understanding of the world and expressive arts and design. To a certain extent, the rigidity of the current requirements would prevent total freedom within the educational environment and this would disallow a pure theory, such as that of Montessori, to be used although many of the elements of this educational theory can still be present, despite the constraints of the statutory guidance. When establishing methods of learning and development the guidance requires the use of a mixture of directed and free play within any education establishment and this prevents the approach from begun being entirely focussed one way or the other. The binding agreement to deliver the statutory framework requires that there are three characteristics which must be applied to all the activities that are undertaken by those involved in early years’ education. Firstly, there is the need to encourage playing and exploring which is supportive and congruent with the earlier theories of Steiner and Montessori and which encourage every child to explore and develop during their early years. Secondly, there is the need for active learning which encourages children to concentrate and to continue to strive to achieve the results that they are after (Anning et al 2004). Thirdly, there is the need to encourage the creativity and critical thinking of the children, in order to develop their own thoughts and ideas, as well as making links between ideas which they can then use in the future. Although the statutory guidance has a relatively large level of structure attached to it, on the whole, it follows the educational theories on early years’ education advocated by Steiner and Montessori. Certain requirements are also placed on early years’ education providers; for example, a pupil must have an allocated key person with whom they interact and who has responsibility for ensuring that they are developing and learning in an appropriate manner; this is also seen as a welfare and safeguarding issue, where this is a non- negotiable requirement. Certain standards are expected of children at any stage of early years’ education, such as the requirement that, by a specific age, sentences should be constructed and the children will be regularly reviewed and tested, in order to ascertain whether they are meeting the requirements, exceeding the requirements, or falling short. Although it is not expected that every child will develop at the same place, regular monitoring in many areas which are deemed to be weak is critical and a fundamental part of the current framework, so that the child in question can then be supported to develop in these weak areas. The main assessment is undertaken in the final term of the academic year in which the child becomes five years old is provided to the child’s carers / parent and other professional that are relevant during the early years. This assessment has several purposes other than to simply ascertain the current stage of learning for the child in question and provides information for the teacher who will be dealing with the child, as soon as they enter into compulsory education. This indicates that the early years’ agenda does in fact have the underlying aim of placing children in the best possible position to enter Year One (National Council for Curriculum and Assessment 2004). Another important aspect of the statutory guidance which is relevant to this discussion is the heavy emphasis placed on partnership arrangements, with the requirement for early years’ education providers to engage with the local authority, where appropriate, particularly for welfare and safeguarding issues. The essence of the policies here, therefore, is to fulfil certain requirements for having the statutory, basic standards in place, while also offering freedom to the early years’ educational establishment, in order to allow them to adjust, depending on the nature of their establishment and the types of facilities available to them. This would seemingly be a combination of theories, as discussed above, and goes largely along with the early focus on freedom and independence, but with slight constraints put in place. Based on this it can therefore be argued that the closest educational theories discussed above to the current situation are that of High Scope, where the adult operates as a form of scaffolding around the independent and free learning of the children. There does however need to be clarity, on a day-to-day basis, but the children themselves are given the freedom to develop at their own pace. A Personal Philosophy By looking at the educational theories explored in the first part of this report and also looking at the way in which the government has established guidelines, both compulsory and optional for educational establishments, the author here has been able to develop their own personal philosophy for early years’ education. This personal philosophy also draws, to a certain extent, on reflective learning from the author’s own experience within the early years teaching environment. As a result, and in the opinion of the author, it was found that the educational theories that support the notion of entirely free play are not as effective as the current educational agenda. However, whilst there are merits in the notion of entirely free experiences for very young children, as advocated by Montessori, it is suggested here that there needs to be a degree of structure, as this is more reflective of the educational experience which the children are likely to receive in the future. Moreover, there is an underlying aim within early years’ education to present children with the best possible foundation before branching into compulsory education and this would seem to be the main focus. The author also believes that the most appropriate philosophy is a combination of Waldorf and High Scope, stating that there needs to be at least some degree of structure and expectation, in order to ensure that there is sufficient consistency. Each child leaving early years’ education needs to be in position to undertake compulsory education; therefore, without having at least some boundaries and expectations laid out for all involved in education, this would result in some children not being able to achieve basic standards. This could ultimately impact, not only on their educational knowledge, but also on their self-esteem, if they were to enter compulsory education considerably behind others, in terms of attainment (Hohmann, 2002). Applying the statutory rules which are in place within the UK also supports this philosophy and recognises the fact that the ability of children to learn and develop will be different, particularly within the early years, and there needs to be at least some freedom for the children to explore and make up their own minds. This does, however, need to be structured and facilitated by the educational professionals, so that any individual weaknesses can be identified and supported in such a way that would not be possible, if total freedom were given to the students. Educational theories provide a strong background to the way in which education should be delivered, both from a physical environment perspective, through to how the adults responsible for delivering education interact with the children in their care. Despite the need for structure, it is noted here that a strong emphasis should also be placed on freedom of choice for the children when building social and self-esteem factors, which are arguably going to be the foundations for future learning, far beyond technical skills such as the ability to read and write (Penn, 2005). By looking at the broader developmental issues, such as those set out in the statutory guidance, those involved in delivering educational standards can adapt to deal with any issues that arise, rather than being constrained to delivering a specific curriculum. Based on this, my own personal philosophy of education is a hybrid between High Scope and Waldorf, with a bias towards increasing structure, so that basic standards are achieved, regardless of the underlying skills and personalities of the children involved. References Anning, A., Cullen, J. and Fleer, M. (eds.) (2004). Early childhood education: society and culture. Delhi, New York and London: Sage Publications Cadwell, L. B., and C. Rinaldi. (2003) Bringing Learning to Life: A Reggio Approach to Early Childhood Education. New York: Teachers College Press. Catron, C. E., and J. Allen. (2007) Early Childhood Curriculum: A Creative Play Model, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Department of Education (2012) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/2716/eyfs_statutory_framework_march_2012.pdf French, G. and Murphy, P. (2005). Once in a lifetime: Early childhood care and education for children from birth to three. Dublin: Barnardos. Helm, H and Katz, L (2001) Young Investigators: The Project Approach in the Early Years, New York: Teachers College Press. High/Scope Educational Research Foundation. (2001). The physical learning environment: Participants guide. Michigan: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation Hohmann, M., et al. Educating (2002) Young Children: Active Learning Practices for Preschool and Child Care Programs. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. Montessori, M (1994). From Childhood to Adolescence. Oxford, England: ABC-Clio. pp. 7–16 National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. (2004). Towards a Framework for Early Learning. Dublin: National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. Penn, H. (2005). Understanding early childhood. Glasgow: Open University Press. Roopnarine, J., and J. Johnson. (2005) Approaches to Early Childhood Education, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.

How Is Power Sharing Done in India Essay

In India power is devided among central and state goverment . the power of central goverment is devided into 3 institution ie legislature judiciary and executive. Power Sharing in India: India is a democratic country. People of India elect their representative through direct franchise and representatives elect the government to make or amend rules & regulations and to carry out day to day functioning of governance. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political Forms of power sharing power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. Power Sharing in Different Organs of Government: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions. For example, ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

Health and safety issue for contractor company in oil and gas industry The WritePass Journal

Health and safety issue for contractor company in oil and gas industry ABRSTACT: Health and safety issue for contractor company in oil and gas industry ABRSTACT:DISCUSSION:1. Isolation of Equipment:2. Accident caused by Human Error:3. Entry to Vessel4. Liquefied Flammable Gases:5. Modification:Reference:Related ABRSTACT: Exploration and production of petroleum is highly profitable sector, but on the other hand, it is very risky business. Catastrophe in refineries and oil rigs like Mexico II (1983) in the Gulf of Mexico, Pipe Alpha, has totally changed the script of safety procedure and risk assessment. It is evident from the past history, 65 % of disasters resulted due to Human Organizational error. That’s why it is highly recommended to the oil operating and contractor companies to identify the risk, potential hazard and consequence of hazardous incident. Health and safety measure are always seems to be an overburden for project, but in reality they are preventing the tragic accident which would be result in damage of assets, loss of valuable human lives, demoralization of team and hazardous environmental impact. In last 35 years of North Sea, average yearly accidental cost is  £200M (except in 1988-1989 cost  £1200 M due to Piper Alpha) and loss of 485 precious human lives (ROYAL INSTITUTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS 1991). In this report, we will try to discuss the critical issues of health and safety faced by a contractor company in oil industries. Furthermore, we will try to show what was done wrong in past and will try to suggest how similar incident might be prevented in the future. DISCUSSION: â€Å"Nation have passed away and left no traces, Any history gives the naked cause of it one single simple reason in all cases; they fell because their people were not fit.†Rudyard Kipling. Unfortunately, the history of the oil and process industry indicates that a lot of incidents are repeated after a lapse of a few years .Because people move and lesson are forgotten. Accidents caused during the following activities are very common, many of them are not resulted in death, serious injury or serious damage they were near-miss. But they could have had much more serious consequence. We will discuss few of them in detail. Isolation of Equipment. Accident caused by Human Error Entry to Vessel Liquefied Flammable gases Modification Storage Tanks Stacks Leaks Pipe and Vessel Failure Hazard of Common Material I don’t know that (Like Ammonia can explode, Hydraulic pressure can be hazardous, Diesel engines can ignite leaks. 1. Isolation of Equipment: Case I: Three people were killed and the plant was destroyed during a pump repair. Dismantling was done to repair the pump. When the cover was removed, hot oil, which is above its ignition temperature, came out and caught fire. From several days, a pump was waiting for repair work and work permit was issued. On the day of accident, the foreman who issued the permit should check the drain valve should be opened and suction delivery valves were shut. But suction valve was opened and drain valve was closed by someone. Maintenance team only intend to change the pump bearing and they decide to open the pump and inform the process team but no further checks and isolation was done. It is not habitual in company concerned to isolate the equipment under repair by slip plate, only by close valves. Similarly, failure in permit to work procedure was the major reason for the disasters of Piper Alpha. Recommendations: Permit to work will be withdrawal and new one is issued, if there is any change in the nature of work. Isolation of equipment must be done when it is under repair. Bleed valve and double blocks must be installed, where fluid at having gauge pressure above 600 psi or temperature above or near auto-ignition point. 2. Accident caused by Human Error: Case I: (Warning Ignored) During the working shift, it had been noticed by the operator that the level of fluid in tank is falling rapidly. He informed the instrument department that the level gauge is not working properly. After few hours, when they were changing the gauge, they found that the previous gauge was correct and there was a leaking in the drain valve. But it is quite late and they has been lost 10 ton of material. Case II: (High Temperature Alarm) After a modification pump was installed, it was used to transfer some liquid. When the transfer of liquid completed, operator pressed the switch off button, he saw the pump is â€Å"running off† light went out. After a several hours, high temperature alarm of pump sounded. Operator supposed that there was a fault in alarm and he ignored it. Soon afterward, there was a huge explosion in the pump. During the modification of pump, an error in the circuit was introduced and stop button was not working properly. Recommendations: Proper training should be given to the operators; they must take a necessary action upon unusual reading. Always respond to alarm. They might be correct. Training should be emphasis the importance of alarm. In record sheet, control limit must be defined. 3. Entry to Vessel Many incident have been happened which killed no of peoples because they entered inside the vessel or any other confined space which had not been thoroughly cleaned or tested. Case I: (Unauthorized Entry) Contractors mostly unfamiliar with the operating companies rule, have frequently got into the vessel without authority. A contractor foreman entered in a vessel which was opened and disconnected, setup for entry, but it was not yet tested. The foreman was estimating the cost of cleaning, he supposed that there was no need of permit for entering the tank just for inspection and got affected by the gas. Similarly an incident happened during the lunch time, a process foreman was taking a last look of vessel before boxed up. There was an old gas mask lying on the floor, he decided to go and remove it. While going inside he slipped from the ladder and fell and was knocked. His tongue blocked his throat and he suffocated. Case II: (Entry into vessel with Irrespirable Atmosphere) A contractor entered in the combustion chamber of a gas plant watched by two standby men but without waiting for the breathing apparatus to arrive. He lost consciousness halfway up when he was climbing out of the chamber. He was hanging between the chamber wall and the ladder. Rest of the men could not pull him out with lifeline. One of the men reached to the person without breathing apparatus and he also lost consciousness. Both of them were rescued, but standby man was died by this time. Case III: Vessel was generally split up into two halves by a baffle which had to be removed. The vessel was cleaned out, inspected, and a permit issued for a worker to enter the left hand side of the vessel to burn out the baffle. It not possible to see on the right hand side of the vessel but as the left hand side of the vessel was clean and because no combustible gas was detected it was assumed that the other half was also clean. While the welder was in the vessel, some deposited in the right hand half caught fire. The Welder came out side without a sever injury but wounded himself in his rush. Recommendations: Vessel should assume to contain hazardous material, if a portion of the vessel can not be tested and it seems to be safe. Only gas test are not enough. When the vessel will be heated or disturbed it may produce gas which was present in the sludge. For any addition work inside the vessel, new work permit for confined space should be issued. People should now put their head inside the vessel unless entry has been authorized. Manhole should be covered with barrier if the vessel is opened but entry is not yet authorized. Rescue person should be available at the spot with necessary equipment. Always use breathing apparatuses before entering the vessel. Do not relay on contractor reading rule, just follow the safety procedure of operating company. 4. Liquefied Flammable Gases: Case I: (Fire and exploration at processing plant at Mexico City) November 1984, there was a worse incident at processing plant (LPG-actually Propane 20 % and Butane 80%) in San Juanico, Mexico. About 542 people were died, 4,248 were injured and 10,000 become homeless. The main cause was the rupturing of 8 inch line. During investigation it was revelled that the tank was overfilled and the inlet pipeline was overpressure. It is not known why the pressure relief valve was not lifted. The gas was spread in the area of 200m by 150 m before it caught fire. Most of the people got killed and injured are pubic, who were living near the plant. Recommendations: There was not gas detector in this area. This should be present. Plant was at congested place about 160 m away from town. It is recommended that for LPG plant it should be 600 m away from the town. There was no fire insulation on equipments. Vessels and tank should be fire insulated. The water deluge system was inadequate. 5. Modification: Many accidents have happened just because modifications were carried out in plant and these modifications were not fulfilling the safety criteria. Case I: A reactor was cooled by a providing of brine to the jacket. There was a repair work in brine system and it was to be shutdown so water from town was used instead. This town water pressure (130 psi gauge pressure) was more than that of brine, so the reactor collapsed. Before the modification, a modification approval form was approved which had twenty important questions. But this form was filled as a formality. Recommendations: Before modification, however inexpensive, temporary or permanent, is made to a plant or process or to a safety procedure, it should be authorized in writing by a manager and an engineer. They manager and engineering who authorized modification can not be expected to stare the drawing and hope that the consequence will be show up. They must provided with an aid such as a lost of questions to be answered.   The foreman should not be authorized to make any modifications at field work. We have discussed few of the above critical issues which are very important for a contractor company to work in oil and gas industry. Furthermore, critical issues of a plant are also indicated in logical tree analysis in figure 1. CONCLUSION: The purpose of this report is to indicate the safety issues for a contractor company in oil and gas industries. The purpose of giving the cases and recommendation is to understand what they had done wrong in the past and to advise how similar disaster might be prevented in the future. After reading this report just analysis your plant, are you doing the same wrong thing which people did and resulted in disasters? Development of a safety culture is necessary, culture which would be committed with safety; safe work practise would be encourage and people do insist for safe work for every one, their attitude must be toward safe work practise. Leadership and top management should have to set a meaningful safety program by providing sufficient training and experience. Moreover, communication played a significant role; proper training and safety induction should be given to supervisor level, so that the correct information should be transmitted to them. Figure no. 1 Logic Tree Analysis Reference: The integration of Quantitative Risk Assessment and Reliability centered Maintenance to optimize platform Design and Operations by R.M Marshell, S.T.Maher, P.R. Stevenson B.C.Morris

A Biographical Profile of Neil deGrasse Tyson

A Biographical Profile of Neil deGrasse Tyson American astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson is one of the most popular and prolific science communicators of the early twenty-first century. Neil deGrasse Tyson Biographical Information Birth Date: October 5, 1958 Birthplace: New York, NY, USA (Born in Manhattan, raised in Bronx) Ethnicity: African-American/Puerto Rican Educational Background Neil deGrasse Tyson developed an interest in astronomy at age 9. While attending the Bronx High School of Science, Tyson was editor-in-chief of the schools Physical Science Journal. He was giving lectures on astronomy at the age of fifteen, foreshadowing a career in science communication. When he looked for a college, he came to the attention of Carl Sagan at Cornell University, and Sagan proved to be something of a mentor to him, despite the fact that he ultimately chose to attend Harvard. He has earned the following degrees: 1980 - B.A. physics, Harvard University1983 - M.A. astronomy, University of Texas at Austin1989 - Ph.M. astrophysics, Columbia University1991 - Ph.D. astrophysics, Columbia University He has since earned a number of honorary degrees. Non-Scientific Extracurricular Pursuits Awards Tyson was captain of his high school wrestling team. Despite some time during his freshman year at Harvard on the crew team (rowing, for those of us who didnt attend ivy league colleges), Tyson returned to wrestling and lettered in the sport during his senior year at Harvard. He was also an avid dancer and in 1985 earned an International Latin Ballroom Style gold medal with the University of Texas dance team. In 2000, Dr. Tyson was named the Sexiest Astrophysicist Alive by People Magazine (begging the question of which non-living astrophysicists may have beaten him). Though this is technically an award that he got because he was an astrophysicist, since the award itself is for a non-scientific achievement (his raw sexiness), weve decided to classify it here rather than with his academic achievements. Though related to his scientific views, Tyson has been categorized as an atheist because he advocates that religion has no place in influencing scientific questions and debates. He has, however, argued that if he must be classified, he believes that his stance is better categorized as agnosticism than atheism, since he claims no definitive position on the existence or non-existence of God. He did, however, receive the 2009 Isaac Asimov Science Award from the American Humanist Association. Academic Research Related Achievements Neil deGrasse Tysons research is largely in the realm of astrophysics and cosmology, with an emphasis in areas of stellar and galactic formation and evolution. This research, as well as his work as an avid science communicator with a wide range of popular science publications, helped position him for a position as director the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space, part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Dr. Tyson has received a number of awards and honors, including the following: 2001 - Appointed by President George W. Bush to Commission on the Future of the United Aerospace Industry2001 - The Tech 100 (Crains Magazines list of 100 most influential technology leaders in New York)2001 - Medal of Excellence, Columbia University, New York City2004 - Appointed by President George W. Bush to Presidents Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy2004 - NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal2004 - Fifty Most Important African-Americans in Research Science2007 - Klopsteg Memorial Award winner2007 - Time 100 (Time Magazines list of 100 most influential persons in the world)2008 - 50 Best Brains in Science (Discover Magazine)2009 - Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach award Plutos Demotion The Rose Center for Earth and Space Science re-classified Pluto as an icy comet in XXXX, sparking a media firestorm. The man behind this decision was Neil deGrasse Tyson himself, the director of the Rose Center, though he was not acting alone. The debate got so intense that it had to be resolved by a vote at the International Astronomical Union (IAU) at their 2006 General Assembly, which decided Pluto was not a planet, but was actually a dwarf planet. (Not, it should be noted, the icy comet classification that the Rose Center originally used.) Tysons involvement in the debate was the basis for this 2010 book The Pluto Files: The Rise and Fall of Americas Favorite Planet, which focuses not only on the science related to the debate, but also considerations about the publics perceptions of Pluto. Popular Books Merlins Tour of the Universe (1989) - Tysons first book was a collection of question/answer pieces from the popular astronomy magazine Star Date. It is told through the narrative tool of being answered by Merlin, an alien visitor to Earth from Planet Omniscia, who has spent much time on Earth and been friends with many of Earths greatest scientists throughout history, such as Johannes Kepler and Albert Einstein.Universe Down to Earth (1994) - A popular book intended to introduce non-science audiences to the current science of astrophysics. While of historical interest, it should be noted that in 1994 there was no evidence of dark energy, so our understanding of the universe has transformed substantially since that time, so a more recent volume is suggested to get a modern introduction.Just Visiting This Planet (1998) - This is follow-up volume to Merlins Tour of the Universe, with additional question/answer pieces from Star Date magazine.One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos (2000) - C o-authored with Charles Tsun-Chu Liu and Robert Iroion, this book again tries to explain key astrophysics concepts, but has the added benefit of being a beautiful volume containing many photographs. At the time of this writing, however, this book appears to be out of print and largely unavailable, but there are no shortage of more recent books that cover this material and offer pictures from Hubble and other space telescopes. Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge (2000) - Co-edited with Steven Soter, this again is an illustrated book that attempts to explain the key features of modern astrophysics.City of Stars: A New Yorkers Guide to the Cosmos (2002) - The title is interesting, but this book also appears to be out of print, and finding information on it is even less forthcoming.My Favorite Universe (2003) - Based on Dr. Tysons 12-part lecture series of the same name through The Great Courses video lecture series.Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution (2004) - Co-authored with Donald Goldsmith, this is a companion volume to his four-part Origins miniseries for PBS Nova series, focusing on the current state of cosmology.The Sky is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist (2004) - This is an engaging memoir of Neil deGrasse Tysons life, and how his early interest in the night sky eventually led him to become an astrophysicist. Insights are offered into various challenges h e faced, including the racial challenges of being a minority physicist, making this a memoir that is worthwhile and educational on a number of different levels. Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandries (2007) - This is a collection of several of Dr. Tysons most popular articles.The Pluto Files: The Rise and Fall of Americas Favorite Planet (2010) - In this book, Dr. Tyson discusses some of the key scientific and non-scientific elements of the debate over Plutos controversial demotion from a planet classification to one of dwarf planet.Space Chronicles (2014) - In this collection of essays, Dr. Tyson muses on the past, present, and future of the space program. Specifically focusing on the program in the United States, he outlines a vision for largely unmanned space exploration that can yield positive scientific results at significantly reduced costs and risk to human life. He also goes into some depth in the discussion of the economics and motivation at work in the history of the space program, and the challenges that future achievements would have to overcome. Television Other Media Neil deGrasse Tyson has been a guest on so many media sources that it would be virtually impossible to list them all. Since he lives in New York City, hes frequently a go-to science expert for a variety of shows, including appearances in morning shows for major networks. Below are some of his most noteworthy media appearances: Dr. Tyson has repeatedly appeared on both The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Colbert Report for Comedy Central. On one such appearance, he told Jon Stewart that the globe in the background of his television studio is actually rotating the wrong direction.Video clips of Dr. Tyson from The Daily Show with Jon StewartVideo clips of Dr. Tyson from The Colbert ReportStarTalk Radio Podcast - Dr. Tyson hosts a podcast through the Hayden Planetarium, called StarTalk, where he discusses various science topics, interviews interesting guests, and answers assorted questions from his audience. A video edition of the podcast is also available through YouTube.Nova ScienceNOW - Dr. Tyson was the host of the PBS series Nova ScienceNOW from 2006 through 2011 (seasons 2 through 5), introducing the various segments and then wrapping things up at the end of the episode, often sporting a stylish space-themed vest.Cosmos: A Space-Time Odyssey - Fox is bringing back the science mini-series Cosmos, in 2 014, and Neil deGrasse Tyson is going to be the narrator. Created with Carl Sagans widow Ann Druyan (who was instrumental in the first Cosmos as well) and animator Seth McFarlane, the show is slated to begin airing episodes on March 9, 2014, on both Fox and the National Geographic Channel. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.